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Thomas Gage (10 March 1718/19〔 – 2 April 1787) was a British general, best known for his many years of service in North America, including his role as military commander in the early days of the American Revolution. Born to an aristocratic family in England, he entered military service, seeing action in the French and Indian War, where he served alongside his future opponent George Washington in the 1755 Battle of the Monongahela. After the fall of Montreal in 1760, he was named its military governor. During this time he did not distinguish himself militarily, but proved himself to be a competent administrator. From 1763 to 1775 he served as commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, overseeing the British response to the 1763 Pontiac's Rebellion. In 1774 he was also appointed the military governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, with instructions to implement the Intolerable Acts, punishing Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. His attempts to seize military stores of Patriot militias in April 1775 sparked the Battles of Lexington and Concord, beginning the American War of Independence. After the Pyrrhic victory in the June Battle of Bunker Hill he was replaced by General William Howe in October 1775, and returned to Britain. ==Early life== Thomas Gage was born on 10 March 1718/19 and christened 31 March 1719 at Westminster St James, Middlesex, England, son of Thomas Gage, 1st Viscount Gage and Benedicta Maria Teresa Hall.〔Church of England, Westminster St James (Middlesex) Parish Register, vol. 2 (1699-1723), n.p, baptism of Thomas Gage, 31 March 1718/19.〕 Firle Place, Firle, Sussex, is where the Gage family had been seated since the 15th century.〔Alden (1948), p. 2; Alden does not cite the location of Gage's birth.〕 His father, Thomas Gage, 1st Viscount Gage, was a noted nobleman given titles in Ireland.〔Alden (1948), p. 6〕 Thomas Gage (the elder) had three children, of whom Thomas was the second.〔Alden (1948), p. 8〕 The first son, William Hall Gage, 2nd Viscount Gage, was born 6 January 1717/18 and christened 29 January 1717/18, also at Westminster St James.〔Church of England, Westminster St James (Middlesex), Parish Register, vol. 2 (1699-1723), n.p., baptism of William Hall Gage, 31 January 1717/18.〕 In 1728 Gage began attending the prestigious Westminster School where he met such figures as John Burgoyne, Richard Howe, Francis Bernard, and George Germain.〔Alden (1948), pp. 9–10〕 Despite the family's long history of Catholicism, Viscount Gage had adopted the Anglican Church in 1715.〔Hinman (2002), p. 8〕 During his school years Thomas the younger became firmly attached to the latter church; he eventually developed a dislike for the Roman Catholic Church that became evident in later years.〔Alden (1948), p. 10〕 After graduating from Westminster in 1736 there is no record of Gage's activities〔Hinman (2002), p. 10〕 until he joined the British Army, eventually receiving a commission as ensign. His early duties consisted of recruiting in Yorkshire. In January 1741 he purchased a lieutenant's commission in the 1st Northampton Regiment, where he stayed until May 1742, when he transferred to Battereau's Regiment with the rank of captain-lieutenant. Gage received promotion to captain in 1743, and saw action in the War of the Austrian Succession with British forces in Flanders, where he served as aide-de-camp to the Earl of Albemarle in the Battle of Fontenoy.〔Alden (1948), p. 13〕 He saw further service in the Second Jacobite Uprising, which culminated in the 1746 Battle of Culloden. From 1747 to 1748, Gage saw action under Albemarle in the Low Countries. In 1748 he purchased a major's commission and transferred to the 55th Foot Regiment (which was later renumbered to the 44th). The regiment was stationed in Ireland from 1748 to 1755; Gage was promoted to lieutenant colonel in March 1751.〔Alden (1948), p. 14〕 During his early service years, he spent leisure time at White's Club, where he was a member, and occasionally travelled, going at least as far as Paris. He was a popular figure in the army and at the club, even though he neither liked alcohol nor gambled very much.〔 His friendships spanned class and ability. Charles Lee once wrote to Gage, "I respected your understanding, lik'd your manners and perfectly ador'd the qualities of your heart."〔Alden (1948), p. 15〕 Gage also made some important political connections, forming relationships with important figures like Lord Barrington, the future Secretary at War, and Jeffery Amherst, a man roughly his age who rose to great heights in the French and Indian War.〔Alden (1948), pp. 15–16〕 In 1750, Gage became engaged to a "lady of rank and fortune, whom he persuaded to yield her hand in an honourable way".〔Alden (1948), p. 16〕 The engagement was eventually broken, leaving Gage broken-hearted.〔 In 1753, both Gage and his father stood for seats in Parliament. Both lost in the April 1754 election, even though his father had been a Member of Parliament for some years prior. They both contested the results, but his father died soon after, and Gage withdrew his protest in early 1755, as his regiment was being sent to America following the outbreak of the French and Indian War.〔Alden (1948), p. 17〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thomas Gage」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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